The views expressed in the publications do not necessarily reflect the views of the German Federal Agency for Civic Education (Bpb), the EENCE Citizenship Education Network or the organizations where the authors work.

Yuriy Petrushenko, PhD, professor of Sumy State University (Ukraine), Chairman of the Board of the Eastern European Association for Civic Education

Andrii Kryvonos, president of the NGO “Humanitarian Center”, junior lieutenant of the Armed Forces of Ukraine

Content:

1. Background information 

2. Definition of citizenship education  

3. Ecosystem of the non-formal citizenship education

4. Legal Framework of Formal Citizenship Education   

5. Stakeholders 

6. Challenges 

7. Footnotes

1. Background information

As an individual curriculum subject, Citizenship Education (CE) in Ukraine dates back to early 2000. The first Framework of Citizenship Education (Upbringing) of Individuals against the Background of the Emerging Ukrainian Statehood relied on the tasks of “having individuals master the system of national and universal human values, fostering patriotism, responsibility for the fate of the nation and state, developing psychological readiness and real ability of persons to the service of the state and personal contribution to implementation of the national idea” [1] as set forth in the national program for patriotic upbringing of the population, promoting the healthy way of life, fostering spirituality, and strengthening moral foundations of the society that was adopted back in 1999. The Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine developed the Framework and presented it in 2000.

The Framework defines citizenship education as a holistic approach that encompasses both public and private dimensions. It is a process aimed at nurturing good citizenship as an intrinsic quality within individuals, enabling them to feel morally, socially, politically, and legally empowered and secure. It called on upbringing individuals that are sensitive of their surroundings, and engaging individuals into public life where human rights are definitive. The approach of the Academy of Educational Sciences viewed the citizenship education both as upbringing and formal education aiming at obtaining knowledge and skills associated with rights and duties of humans/citizens. “The citizenship education means teaching people how to live under the modern state conditions, how to comply with the laws without, at the same, allowing the authorities to infringe on the people’s rights, how to make the authorities fulfill the legitimate needs of the people, and how to be a citizen in a democratic society” [3].

Further development of the citizenship education frameworks and approaches took place due to the first major citizenship education projects co-financed by international donors such as the Democratic Education, the Ukrainian/Canadian project by Queen’s University, Ontario, the UCEN – the Ukrainian Citizenship Education Network founded by IREX; the Education for Democracy in Ukraine within the framework of the Transatlantic Program of Supporting Civic Society in Ukraine; and Erasmus+. The emerging systemic education reform boasted a greater focus on citizenship education. Still, according to the sociological study by the Swiss-Ukrainian Project for Development of Citizenship Competences in Ukraine (DOCCU) that took place in 2018, a one third of teachers included no citizenship education into their business activities considering it to be a matter for other subject teachers. At the same time, 25% of teachers believed patriotism to be the widest concept of citizenship education, 20% of them chose morals and ethics, while only 25% of them viewed good citizenship as each citizen’s awareness of its rights and duties versus the state and the society.

Back in 2018, citizenship education saw a centralized introduction thereof at general secondary education institutions, which made the general secondary education a platform for implementing meaningful changes to citizenship education. Citizenship competences became uniform in the national standard both for basic secondary and dedicated secondary education. At the same time, as other types and levels of education go, actions are taken primarily under the auspices of or with support from civic society institutions in their capacity of citizenship education providers.

Citizenship education actors in Ukraine are individuals and companies such as a) educational institutions, business enterprises, institutions, organizations, unions, and other civic society institutions as well as the media directly or indirectly contributing to mastering citizenship competences; b) employees of such business entities, institutions, organizations and unions; c) individual educational actors.

In terms of its contents, the concept of the citizenship education, according to Recommendations of the Council of Europe, encompasses knowledge, skills, and relations. Prior to 2022, the Ukrainian society associated citizenship education generally with knowledge or, sometimes, with skills. After the full-fledged invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine started on 24 February 2024 the Ukrainian society started viewing citizenship education as associated primarily with value components, and skills. Against the background of war, citizenship education became an element of national security and defense tasked with preserving the integrity of the state, ensuring survival and victory in the war, defense of human rights and democracy in wartime, and ensuring long-term peace as well as post-war recovery of Ukraine. Citizenship education competences that became current are primarily those associated with Ukraine’s defense against the military aggression of Russia as well as European integration of Ukraine after it obtained the status of the candidate for ascension to the European Union and stated the EU ascension negotiations. 

2. Definition of citizenship education

Permanent challenges that Ukraine faces in the recent decades after the Revolution of Dignity in 2013 to 2014, the annexation of the Crimea and the military aggression of the Russian Federation in Eastern Ukraine in 2014, and especially after the full-scale Russian military aggression started in 2022 require an integrated approach to fostering patriotic, proactive and responsible citizens that are dignified, steadfast and ready for their civic duties. This systemic approach implies national support to development of the citizenship education as set forth in the Law on Education (2017), the Framework for Development of Citizenship Education in Ukraine (approved with the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on 3 October 2018) [3], and the Action Plan for Implementing the Framework for Development of Citizenship Education in Ukraine until 2030 (2024) [4].  

The Ukrainian Law on Education [5] provides that the government fosters conditions for citizenship education aiming at mastering competences associated with exercise of their rights by the citizens as members of the society, awareness of civic (free democratic) society values as well as the supremacy of law, rights and liberties of humans and citizens.

The Framework for Development of Citizenship Education in Ukraine (2018) views citizenship education as education and civic upbringing relying on national and universal human values. Citizenship education aims at having the Ukrainian citizens master citizenship competences for upholding and protecting the statehood and democracy, being able to protect their rights, being responsible for their civic duties, their lives, harmonious relations between the members of their families as well as in their local communities [6]. The national framework for development of citizenship education defines citizenship competences that citizenship education must foster:

• awareness of the civic (state), national and cultural identity, respect of other cultures and ethnicities;
• ability to preserve Ukrainian traditions and spiritual values, to possess the required knowledge, skills and competences, and the ability to fulfill one’s potential in the conditions of the modern society;
• understanding the significance of national memory and its influence on social and political processes;
• knowledge of European values including democratic principles, and ability to use them in everyday life; comprehension and perception of the value of human rights and liberties, and the ability to uphold one’s own and other people’s rights; comprehension and perception of the principles of equality and non-discrimination, respect of human dignity, tolerance, social justice, integrity, the ability to embody them in one’s own behavior models, and the ability to prevent and resolve conflicts;
• knowledge and understanding of the state structure and national governance in all public areas at the all-Ukrainian and local levels;
• knowledge of mechanisms for participating in public, social and political as well as national life, and the ability of using them jointly with taking decisions at the all-Ukrainian and local levels; responsibility for one’s own civic rights and duties associated with participation in the social and political life;
• the ability to formulate and substantiate one’s own views while respecting any dissent unless it infringes the rights and dignities of the others;
• the ability to analyze information critically, review matters from various standpoints, and to take informed decisions;
• the ability of social communication and cooperation for the purposes of solving problems of communities at various levels, including by way of volunteering [7].

The Framework for Development of Citizenship Education underlay the draft Strategy for Development of the Citizenship Education until 2030 developed by the Ukrainian Government in 2020. The draft defines citizenship education as education aiming at fostering citizenship competences, social activism, ability to exercise one’s own rights responsibly and to perform one’s own civic duties as well as the ability to establish partnerships and cooperate toward upholding democracy and the rule of law [8].

After the full-scale Russian military aggression began in 2022, the citizenship education concept expanded materially to include the matters of war. 3 August 2022 saw major changes to the citizenship education program for middle-schoolers [9]. The program contents was updated to include such topics as human rights in the wartime, wartime economic and labor relations, and media literacy including information warfare. 

Since the beginning of the war, informal citizenship education has been seeing newly emerging directions associated with preparing civilians to hostilities and wartime life as well as training courses on weapon handling, first aid, landmine and nuclear security, and survival without access to electricity, communications, water and heat.

3. Ecosystem of the non-formal citizenship education

As citizenship education is on the agenda of national institutions, civic society institutions and international donors, there are numerous organizations operating in accordance with the aforesaid approaches.

Drafting a comprehensive list of organizations and institutions that may be termed as providers meaning that they declare citizenship education as their business line, have proprietary citizenship education programs or spread international practices reliably and do systemic business aiming at the aforesaid target groups is not possible due to a large number of such actors, irregularity of their operations as well as terminological inaccuracies that public organizations and institutions allow to exist in their work descriptions. Therefore, we provide only selective information on such providers for the past years.

Formal school education programs and providers:

• The Citizenship Education and Electronic Democracy at Schools Project implemented by the Ukrainian Association of Students jointly with the Ministry of Education and Science, and aiming at implementing electronic democracy in any and all manifestations thereof, media literacy, European values, and anti-corruption activities [10].
• The Ministry of Education and Science is the primary partner in international citizenship education programs that the Council of Europe has been financing as of 2008. The projects also include various public organization participants. The current Democratic School Program hosted by the European Wergeland Center focuses on introducing the Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education. Currently, the website of the project is under development [11].
• The Nova Doba Association of History, Citizenship and Social Discipline Teachers hosts events for teachers of history, democratic citizenship and engaged into managing schools [12].
• The Association of Private Educational Institutions of Ukraine in its capacity of a platform for engaging students, the youth and tutors into new forms of education also plays a prominent part in supplementary education processes [13].
• The Athens School not only transformed training of its students and tutors but also stands ready to share its lessons learnt with any other schools [14].

We note the following aggregators of information on citizenship education:

• The Citizen Initiatives of Ukraine Resource Center [15].
• The Space for Citizens Resource Center [16].
• The GURT Resource Center [17].
• The Yednaniye Public Center [18].

We must note the following informal education programs and providers:

• The Studena Educational Organization hosts social adaptation programs for veterans as well as gender equality and cultural development programs relying on a non-discriminatory approach [19].
• The Ukrainian Academy of Leadership is a 10-month training program for young people that finished their secondary education. The program aims at personal development and social leadership. It is hosted under the auspices of international and Ukrainian donors, politicians and public actors. Currently, its website is under reconstruction [20].
• The Future School Voluntary Organization hosting its motivating and educational meetings with various professionals, social activists and prominent Ukrainians in addition to standard educational programs [21].
• The Alternative Education Educational Organization hosts its informal training programs and seminars on social activism, critical thinking, dialog building, local history, and rural youth activation [22].
• The Youth Worker National Program is a training program for youth workers hosted by the Ministry of Youth and Sports jointly with the UNDP, and aiming at providing training facilities for working with the youth in accordance with the European Competencies Framework [23].
• The Active Citizens Program of the British Council is a program for training social leaders that contributes to social development regulated by the society, hosts its seminars, and provides its small grants for groups initiating social changes within communities [24].
• The Discover Ukraine Educational Initiative aims at training and supporting social initiatives by 7- to 11-graders residing in small towns. The project has a wide range of partners and relies on crowd funding [25].
• The Eastern European Association for Citizenship Education implemented its programs in Ukraine such as the Citizenship Education Week (2020 to 2021), the Citizenship Education Caravan (2023) and Citizenship Education Eduthon (2024) [26].

The COVID-19 pandemic increased the demand for and supply of online education further boosting development of online training courses. It became important during the Russian-Ukrainian War, especially for occupied  territories and territories of hostilities where fully-fledged off-line education is impossible. We must note the following among them:

• The Open University of Maidan is an “open-air” educational space initiative arising during the Maidan protests in the course of the Revolution of Dignity back in 2013 to 2014 [27].
• The Prometheus Ukrainian Online Education Program [28].
• The EdEra Ukrainian Online Education Studio [29].

On par with education of adults, education of children takes on new features as well:

• Mr. Vladimir Spivakovsky, the owner of the Grand Lyceum, initiated development of its proprietary GrandExpo Platform, a special training program, and a structure of engaging interactive lessons. It provides educational, psychological and technical support. It is a fully-fledged online school [30].
• The NewGen School’s motto is Knowing What They Failed to Teach at School. It provides extended knowledge of science and technology, languages and communication. The school is developing its franchisee network in Ukraine under its own brand, and establishes its offices abroad [31].
• The All-Ukrainian School Online Project matured during the Russian-Ukrainian War for ensuring high quality online education for schoolchildren who cannot go to school off-line, and/or are subjected to forced migration [32].

Numerous providers tackle specific citizenship education matters at a local level. They either rely on the existing programs or develop new ones, which is necessary during the wartime.

Often, local and regional public organizations are active at a local level. They include youth and student public organizations that host their open-air events, festivals, forums and seminars as well as use new co-working centers, libraries or shelters (during air and artillery raid alerts).

Against the background of the pandemic followed by the war, libraries and co-working areas have failed to become modern public spaces but still remain communication platforms for local organizations.

Youth centers and entrepreneur support centers including DiYa offices (national centers within the framework of the Digital Transformation Ministry), and regional offices of political parties have various activity and work systemics levels depending on specific regions but still remain prominent participants of citizenship education.

There are almost no uniform solid networks or platforms for continuous cooperation of citizenship education providers in Ukraine except for the aforementioned aggregators. All these platforms are emerging only. Organizations, individual professionals and educators interact directly with donors usually and, in most cases, have no proactive communications within their professional environment. Therefore, the existing projects are often disconnected from each other, while educational programs and frameworks may overlap with each other.

4. Legal Framework of Formal Citizenship Education

The Framework for Development of Citizenship Education in Ukraine approved by the Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 2018 [33] underlies the regulatory framework for citizenship education in Ukraine.

The legal foundations for citizenship education in Ukraine are laid in the Constitution of the Ukraine, the Ukrainian Law on Education, the National Strategy for Civic Society Development in Ukraine for 2016 to 2020 approved with Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 68 of 26 February 2016, the Strategy for National Patriotic Upbringing of Children and the Youth for 2016 to 2020 approved with Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 580 of 13 October 2015, the National Human Rights Strategy approved with Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 501 of 25 August 2015. Adoption of the new Ukrainian Law On Education and Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 534 of 01 December 2016 On Priority Actions in Support of Reinforcing the National Unity and Consolidation of the Ukrainian Society as well as Public Initiatives in This Connection, the Action Plan for Reinforcement of the National Unity and Consolidation of the Ukrainian Society and Support of the Public Initiatives in This Connection approved with Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 179 of 21 March 2018 necessitated taking real actions for establishment of citizenship education in Ukraine.

Still, the existing regulatory framework creates neither any top-to-bottom governance of the industry nor any harmonized arrangements of citizenship education in Ukraine. Numerous authorities as well as participants of formal or informal public-to-private partnerships have to take their own actions to implement their solutions subject to specific features of individual projects. Additional levels of complexity arise here from the need to cooperate with newly established authorities of unified territorial communities as well as the process of disestablishing authorities of old districts according to the national administrative structure and in connection with establishment of new districts.

Overall, both central and local authorities rely on European practices of supporting the civic society and citizenship education initiatives in their decisions on setting forth the action plan for reinforcement of the national unity, consolidation of the Ukrainian society, and support of the public initiatives.

Draft community development documents take into account that citizenship and social competencies are a part of eight primary competencies for life-long learning according to Recommendations of the European Parliament and of the Council on Key Competences for Lifelong Learning No. 2006/962/EC of 18 December 2006.

The Ukrainian Law on Education provides that the state fosters conditions for citizenship education aiming at mastering competences associated with exercise of their rights by persons as members of the society, awareness of civic (free democratic) society values as well as the supremacy of law, rights and liberties of humans and citizens.

We should note that, under the Ukrainian Law On Education, the education system must foster 12 key competencies including citizenship and social ones associated with ideas of democracy, justice, equality, human rights, welfare and healthy way of life with awareness of equal rights and opportunities corresponding to educational objectives and principles in order to lay the foundation for a citizen’s search of new means of citizenship education at any age.

The comprehensive school reform and implementation of the approved Framework for Implementation of the National New Ukrainian School Policy for Reforming General Secondary Education for the Period until 2029 are underway. The Framework approved with Order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 988 of 14 December 2016 grants general secondary education additional opportunities for building individual programs and educational clusters aiming at activating teacher and pupil partnerships, which in time must:

• transform itself into efficient and effective citizen participation in public, family and employment activities; the skill of cooperating with others to achieve results, preventing and resolving conflicts as well as achieving compromises;
• ensure respect of the law and human rights, and support diversity and inclusion.

When resolving education matters, the authorities also take into account the recommendations relying on the National Human Rights Strategy that provides for greater human rights awareness of the citizens as well as the Council of Europe’s Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education adopted by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Council of Europe on 11 May 2021 focusing on democratic values, and the rule of law.

The European Charter on the Participation of Young People in Local and Regional Life adopted by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe provides recommendations for government and local authorities regarding engaging the youth into local and regional decision taking processes.

Before the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian War, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine was mandated to initiate its review of the draft Strategy for Development of Citizenship Education for the Period until 2030 and the draft Action Plan for Implementation Thereof in accordance with the applicable Order [34]. The developed drafts failed to pass all the preparation stages for approval thereof by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine before the war started in 2022. According to the drafts, the authorities provided for extended engagement of citizens into various forms of citizenship education initiated jointly with the authorities on all levels and international partners.

Given the need to resolve new citizenship education matters associated with consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian War (preparing civilian population to live in wartime and to post-war recovery of the country, fighting the Russian military propaganda, citizenship education for residents of occupied and non-occupied territories, etc.), the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine developed the Action Plan for Implementation of the Framework for Development of Citizenship Education in Ukraine until 2030 and approved it on 7 February 2024 [35]. The plan includes a dedicated section setting forth special citizenship education actions against the background of the challenges associated with the Russian-Ukrainian War that includes the 3 following subsections: 1) Preparing to Implementation of Citizenship Education Processes for Recovery of Ukrainian National and Civic Identity in Residents of Temporary Occupied Territories; 2) Developing and Taking Actions for Recovery and Development of Civic Identity in Citizenship Education Actors for (Re)Integration into the Ukrainian Society; 3) Citizenship Education for Forced (Military) Migrants.

5. Actors in Formal and Informal Citizenship Education

The current development stage of the citizenship education system shows the emerging system of formal citizenship education. Citizenship Education has become mandatory for pupils of all comprehensive schools in Ukraine, and has been included into the high school curriculum. Relevant citizenship education textbooks have been developed for schools [36].  The government provides vocational upgrading courses for tutors teaching citizenship education.

During the wartime, the Protection of Ukraine Course has taken on a new content. It is mandatory for high-schoolers and includes such topics as basics of national security and defense, basic interactions during the wartime, information warfare, and first aid. According to the Minister of Education and Science of Ukraine, Mr. Aksen Lisovoy, the objective of the course is “not to militarize the society but foster its defensive consciousness and reasonable approach to the importance of such defense. We want our citizens to have quite a peculiar mental set that the war may become an integral part of our lives and it is neither an unbearable catastrophe nor an unbearable tragedy. On the contrary, we are capable of defending ourselves and finding different roles for us both in the context of the army and in the context of civil actions” [37].

Since 2015, the universities have also started actively practicing citizenship education courses for their students. For example, 22 universities in Ukraine adopted the Democracy from Theory to Practice Course in 2019 [38]. Certain universities such as Lutsk National Technical University, Sumy State University, and a number of others adopted a citizenship education elective known as Active Citizens in 2020 [39]. An alliance of universities started implementing the Education for Democratic Citizenship and Well-Being (EDC-WB) International Project in 2024. The project aims at developing the program for practical democratic education of Ukrainian educators and community leaders in order to grant Ukrainian citizens extended opportunities for exercising their democratic rights and actively participating in democratic life [40].

Informal citizenship education continues developing while responding to new educational needs. Hundreds of public organizations developing proprietary educational courses aimed at fostering citizenship competencies ensure this development. Support from international donor and advisory organizations such as the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), the British Council in Ukraine, Vozrozhdeniya International Foundation, DVV International in Ukraine, Eastern the European Network for Citizenship Education (EENCE), etc. plays an important part in the process.

1,469 new municipalities established as a result of the decentralization reform and to whom the government transferred the resources and powers for providing most social services to the population after the reform completed in 2020 have become another major stakeholder of citizenship education [41]. Efficient functioning of the municipalities under the modern conditions depends on the degree of maturity of civic society in territorial communities. For example, the municipalities are increasingly more often ordering citizenship education programs for their local residents. Since the start of the Russian-Ukrainian War, the municipalities have been playing an extremely important part in training of territorial defense units.

The wartime sees an increasing number of volunteer and public organizations aimed at aiding the war effort for achieving victory in the war and ensuring long-term peace as well as at hosting educational and social events for psychological, medical, social and economic assistance to veterans and their families as well as KIA families.

6. Challenges

Since early 2022, the full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine with its demographic, social, economic and political consequences has definitely been the main factor of citizenship education development in Ukraine. Other factors causing challenges that citizenship education faces are the post-soviet heritage of Ukraine, absence of proper dedicated financing and therefore the need for being integrated into the European Union as soon as possible. 

1. Searching for an efficient citizenship education model in wartime. The premise is that citizenship education must assist the population in surviving and winning the war, preserving democratic values, achieving long-term peace, and playing an active part in post-war recovery. 

During the war, Ukraine sees no contradiction between citizenship education and patriotic education. They both foster responsible citizens. Citizenship education fosters active and responsible citizens participating in the social and economic life of a democratic society. National patriotic education fosters common values and forms convictions regarding protection of the country against enemy aggression. 

We must also note the advent of new target audiences and directions of citizenship education such as preparing the population to hostilities, citizenship education for the population of occupied and liberated territories, citizenship education for forced (military) migrants, citizenship education for reducing social tension and conflict potential of various social groups in wartime, citizenship education for veterans and their families, and citizenship education for post-war recovery and EU integration.

An additional important direction is civic education to combat corruption as an internal enemy for the development of Ukraine.

2. Need for developing proprietary citizenship education priorities that are important for each stage of life and development of the country. It would allow to influence the agenda of cooperation with international donors that have their own priorities in financing citizenship education programs.
3. Fostering critical thinking of the population against the background of information warfare, aggressive propaganda and fake news on part, mostly, of the Russian Federation.
4. Need for modern and engaging citizenship education for adults who studied back in the USSR because it were they whose voices carried most weight and determined the speed and direction of the country development during all the pre-war elections. 
5. Professional development of citizenship education teachers/trainers. The record shows that successful citizenship education tutors are people personally engaged into social activism and, figuratively speaking, are leading their students from the front. As far as citizenship education courses for veterans and their families go, it proves efficient to engage trainers with combat experience (the peer-to-peer approach).
6. Digitalization of educational processes. There are remote citizenship education platforms already in Ukraine including the platform of the Open University of Maidan (www.vumonline.ua) boasting 90 citizenship education courses and over 200,000 registered users [41].
7. Making citizenship education courses attractive Prewar studies of Ukrainian citizens’ needs for citizenship education showed that such needs are mostly background ones and require taking them into the foreground. Successful citizenship education programs used famous trainers and/or opinion leaders, gaming methods, action learning, and other creative approaches to the educational process. After the full-scale Russian-Ukrainian War began in 2022, citizenship education courses in Ukraine saw a great influx of attendants as attending them became a matter of personal and public security in wartime.

7. Footnotes:

1. Y. Borenko. «Громадянська освіта в Україні» // Реамаційний пакет реформ, вересень 2017″. [Externer Link: https://rpr.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/171108_citizenship-education-Ukraine-ukr_YB.pdf]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
2. Y. Borenko. “Громадянська освіта в Україні // Реамаційний пакет реформ, вересень 2017”. [Externer Link: https://rpr.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/171108_citizenship-education-Ukraine-ukr_YB.pdf]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
3. Concept for the development of citizenship education in Ukraine (2018). [Externer Link: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/710-2018-%D1%80#Text]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
4. Action plan for the implementation of the Concept for the development of civic education in Ukraine until 2030 (2024). [Externer Link: https: https://osvita.ua/legislation/Ser_osv/91405/]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
5. Ukrainian law “On education” (2017). [Externer Link: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2145-19#Text]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
6. Concept for the development of citizenship education in Ukraine (2018). [Externer Link: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/710-2018-%D1%80#Text]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
7. Concept for the development of citizenship education in Ukraine (2018). [Externer Link: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/710-2018-%D1%80#Text]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
8. Project strategy for the development of citizenship education in Ukraine up to 2030. [Externer Link: https://mon.gov.ua/ua/news/mon-proponuye-dlya-gromadskogo-obgovorennya-proyekt-strategiyi-rozvitku-gromadyanskoyi-osviti-na-period-do-2030-roku-ta-plan-zahodiv-shodo-yiyi-realizaciyi]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
9. Civic education. Integrated course. Curriculum. [Externer Link: https:// mon.gov.ua/static-objects/mon/sites/1/zagalna%20serednya/programy-10-11-klas/2022/08/15/navchalna.programa.2022.hromadyanska.osvita-10.pdf]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
10. “Стартує Всеукраїнський проект «Громадянська освіта та електронна демократія в навчальних закладах»”. [Externer Link: https://mon.gov.ua/ua/events/usi-novivni-anonsi-podij-2017-04-10-startue-vseukrayinskij-proekt-gromadyanska-osvita-ta-elektronna-demokratiya-v-navchalnix-zakladax]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
11. The European Wergeland Centre. [Externer Link: https://ukr.theewc.org/Content/What-we-do/Schools-for-Democracy-in-Ukraine]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
12. Nova doba. [Externer Link:https://www.novadoba.org.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
13. Асоціація навчальних закладів України приватної форми власності. [Externer Link: http://assoc.e-u.in.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
14. School “Athens”. [Externer Link: http://www.athens.kiev.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
15. Citizen initiatives in Ukraine. [Externer Link: http://ngonetwork.org.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
16. Space for citizens. [Externer Link: https://www.prostir.ua] Accessed September 09, 2024.
17. GURT Resource Centre. [Externer Link: https://gurt.org.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
18. Yednaniye. [Externer Link: http://ednannia.ua/portal]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
19. ОО Studena. [Externer Link: http://studena.org]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
20. Ukrainian Academy of Leadership. [Externer Link: http://ual.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
21. Future school. [Externer Link: https://futureschool.com.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
22. ОО “Alternative education”. [Externer Link: https://insha-osvita.org]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
23. National programme “Youth worker”. [Externer Link: https://youth-worker.org.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
24. British Council programme “Active Citizens”. [Externer Link: https://www.britishcouncil.org.ua/en/active-citizens]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
25. Educational initiative “Open Ukraine”. [Externer Link: https://www.vidkruvai.com.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
26. Projects of the Eastern European Association of Civil Education [Externer Link: https://eence.eu/]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
27. Open University of Maidan. [Externer Link: https://vumonline.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
28. Prometheus educational online platform. [Externer Link: https://prometheus.org.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
29. EdEra — Ukrainian online education studio [Externer Link: https://ed-era.com/]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
30. GrandExpo. [Externer Link: https://grandexpo.school]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
31. NewGen. [Externer Link: https://www.newgen.com.ua]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
32. All-Ukrainian school online [Externer Link: https://lms.e-school.net.ua/about]. Accessed September 09, 2024.
33. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine order “On the approval of the concept for the development of citizenship education in Ukraine” dated 3 October 2018 No. 710-r.
34. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine order “On changes in the orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated 21 March 2018 No. 179 and 3 October 2018 No. 710” dated 26 February 2020 No. 716-r.
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